CITATIONS AND SOURCES:
"ANC Youth League: A Youthful 52." ANC Youth League. ANCYL, 2011. Web. 20 Jan.
2015. <http://www.ancyl.org.za/show.php?id=5516>. "ANC Youth League:
A Youthful 52" is a summary of the history and the foundation of the
African National Congress Youth League in the 1940's. It was founded by
young members of the ANC who were concerned with the lack of militancy and
public participation in the protest. The ANC eventually adopted the ANCYL's
Programme of Action which called for incorporating the masses in boycotts,
civil disobedience and peaceful protest and it also lead the way for the
Defiance Campaign. The ANC was also very influential in changing the
leadership within the ANC. This document is useful in provided specific
members of the ANC as well as the reasons it was founded and how the ANCYL
was crucial to the revolutionary movement however it could be biased as it
is published by the ANCYL organization. and does not provide visuals or
quotations.
"Apartheid." Encyclopedia Britannica. N.p.: Britannica Digital Learning, n.d. N.
pag. Britannica School. Web. 17 Dec. 2014. <http://school.eb.com/levels/
high/article/7978>. Britannica School provides a basic overview on the
history of the apartheid and its social policies of racial segregation
between Africans, coloureds and whites. This source is useful for getting
the general history of the apartheid and the specific policies and laws as
well as other countries views on their policies. This source is unbiased
and is helpful for its specific dates and descriptions on the social
policies of the apartheid.
Challenging South Africa's Past. BBC News in Pictures. BBC, 4 July 2011. Web. 12
Jan. 2015. <http://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-13991849>. This is a
secondary source that provides a different viewpoint of South African
history through photography. This video clip shows photographs taken to
show the hope for both whites and blacks to work together in South Africa.
It also discusses how at the time, photographs of violence and suffering
were what was shown to the world to get support, however this photographer
attempted to show the softer side of South Africa as well as the problems
it faces as of late. This source is biased as it shows the point of view of
one particular artist but is useful as it gives a different advantage point
on South African history.
"Cultural Boycott." BDS Movement. Palestinian BDS National Committee, n.d. Web.
15 Jan. 2015. <http://www.bdsmovement.net/activecamps/
cultural-boycott>. This is an article published on BDS discusses the
Palestinians calling on all intellectuals and academics to impose economic
and cultural boycotts against Israeli institutions in an effort to end the
Israeli occupation, colonization and system of apartheid. The majority of
the article discusses how artistic individuals such as international
artists and filmmakers are more then willing to join the cultural boycott
against Israeli. It also discusses the struggle the Palestinians refugees
endure because they are denied their UN-sanctioned rights because they are
non-Jews. The article also discusses the Palestinian's cultural boycott on
all apartheid events and institutions. In this article is a quotation by
Enuga S.Reddy who is director of the United Nations Centre against
Apartheid. He discusses the hypocrisy of the South African government for
stating that the sports and cultural sanctions being imposed on them deny
freedom of expression when they deny this right to their own people.
Freudenheim, Milt, and Katherine Roberts. "Shultz Talks With Tambo of A.N.C."
New York Times. New York Times Company, n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/01/weekinreview/
the-world-shultz-talks-with-tambo-of-anc.html>. This New York Times
article, "Shultz Talks with Tambo of the A.N.C" by Milt Freudenheim and
Katherine Roberts describes Oliver Tambo's meeting with U.S. Secretary of
State George Shultz after President Ronald Reagan deemed the ANC to be a
terrorist group in South Africa. The U.S. was concerned with ANC's
relationship with the Soviet Union whom provided the ANC with arms as well
as their violent tactics. Oliver Tambo is quoted to have said that he
Shultz found agreement in the need to end apartheid but the meeting was
otherwise unhelpful other than showing the U.S.'s willingness to recognize
the ANC as a major player in this conflict. This article is useful in
understanding the U.S.'s perspective on the ANC and it includes quotations
on the meeting from Oliver Tambo and is a primary source as it was written
a week within the meeting.
"Have You Heard From Johannesburg." Clarity Films. Clarity Films, n.d. Web. 30
Dec. 2014. <http://www.clarityfilms.org/haveyouheardfromjohannesburg/
biographies.php?id=61>. This source gives a clear and simple biography
on the life of Oliver Tambo. The website is very organized and has a tab
dedicated explicitly to Oliver Tambo. This site also provides a timeline
for all major African events as well as movies based on specific times from
1920's to the 1990's following the people's movements against the
apartheid. It also dedicates a whole film to Oliver Tambo's involvement in
the ANC and his movement against the apartheid. The source appears unbiased
and generally informative.
Hoozok, Ayesha. Interview by Mathew Miller. Ayesha Hoozook. Film. Ayesha Hoozook
grew up with the brutality and injustice of apartheid as an Indian living
in South Africa. In this filmed interview, she discusses her own childhood
experiences of apartheid and as well as the difficulties of traveling from
place to place due to segregated public transportation. Apartheid greatly
affected schooling as universities were only admitting a limited number of
nonwhites students. To keep the number of nowhite students limited they
failed a majority of the nonwhite students on their end of the final year
test so they could not graduate. Ayesh Hoozook explains she failed her test
many times before she was able to go to university but she kept pushing in
order to receive the education she desired that apartheid kept trying to
take away from her. She also discusses the racial reclassification system,
which put each person in a racial category based off of prejudice racial
tests such as how a person reacts to being pinched, how they speak certain
words, and etc.. This system made people desperate to reclassify themselves
to what was considered a "higher ranking" race to receive better benefits.
This interview is an excellent primary source for understanding what daily
life for a nonwhite was like in South Africa and the struggles of getting
an education and the reclassification system.
Kallen, Stuart A. Open the jail doors-we want to enter: The Defiance Campaign
against Apartheid Laws. N.p.: Twenty-First Century Books, 2011. Print.
Chapter one in Stuart A. Kallen's book "Open the jail doors-we want to
enter: The Defiance Campaign against Apartheid Laws" provides a basic
background history for South Africa. The colony South Africa was originally
founded by the Jan van Riebeeck who was sent by the Dutch United East India
Company (VOC) to establish supply and refreshment stations for Dutch trade
ships traveling to India on the tip of South Africa. South Africa was
already inhabited by the Khoi and the San and the two groups lived
peacefully for awhile. Soon workers of the VOC had poor health and diets
and they established colonies and needed more provisions and labor than the
Reibeeck could supply. They took to importing slaves from East Africa and
eventually the Khoi were overtaken by the Dutch and became enslaved as
well. This seems to be a very reliable source of information showing all
angles and sides of the Dutch colonization of South Africa and provides
pictures and visuals as well as specific dates, leaders, and groups in
conflict.
Mandela, Nelson. "Speech by Nelson Mandela, at the funeral of Oliver Tambo."
ANC. Unwembi, n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2014. <http://www.anc.org.za/
show.php?id=4086>. This is a speech by Nelson Mandela at the funeral of
his colleague, the former ANC president, Oliver Tambo. This is a primary
source and gives Mandela's full speech. This source is unbiased as it does
not give its own written works or opinions and gives Mandela's speech
explicitly. This source is useful for quotes regarding Oliver Tambo's
character, legacy, and his goals for South Africa's freedom.
"Oliver Reginald Tambo." African National Congress. Unwembi, 2011. Web. 17 Dec.
2014. <http://www.anc.org.za/showpeople.php?p=5>. The African
National Congress website provides a detailed overview of Tambo's life
after he joined the ANC. It gives his explicit roles in each stage of the
ANC's actions against the apartheid as well as the other leaders whom were
influential in the ANC along with Tambo. This source useful for
understanding Tambo and the ANC's stance on creating an equal society and
not expelling whites from their ideal society. This site appears unbiased
and the key dates, meetings, and the explicit detailing of Tambo's role in
the ANC are helpful.
"Oliver Reginald Tambo." Gale Biography in Context. Detroit: Gale Cengage
Learning, 2014. N. pag. Biography in Context. Web. 16 Dec. 2014. Biography
in Context has the life of Oliver Tambo in a very easy to understand manner
with very good organization as well as including the many problems Tambo
had to face as President of ANC. This includes the Sharpeville Massacre,
the affects of isolation on an exiled organization as well as Tambo's
international contributions. This site is useful for the general life facts
of Tambo as well as a basic summary of every major event listed and appears
to be unbiased.
"Oliver Tambo." Encyclopedia Britannica. N.p.: Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014. N.
pag. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 16 Dec. 2014. Encyclopedia Britannica
gives a simple comprehensive biography of Oliver Tambo. It gives a clear
synopsis of Tambo's role in the ANC in exile as well as his making a
guerilla warfare camp to be protest against the apartheid. It also
discusses Tambo's international travel and his attracting the most talented
South African exile allowing him to build a legitimate organization with
the voice of the South African people. This source is unbiased and is
helpful in the sense is gives a simple general story of the life of Oliver
Tambo.
"Quotations by Oliver Tambo." South African History Online. South African
History Online, 18 Sept. 2009. Web. 16 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/quotations-oliver-tambo>. South
African History Online, provided a list of quotes from Oliver Tambo's
speech at Georgetown University on January 27, 2014. Tambo was giving a
speech to students expressing the African National Congress's goals of
equality and how others can help them by attacking South African economy to
hurt the apartheid. This could e biased as it does not provide the full
speech on its own but only small quotations. This primary source was
helpful in that it gave first hand quotes from that of Oliver Tambo and the
goals of the ANC.
Scott, Joan Wallach, et al. On Academic Sanctions. N.p.: AAUP, 2006. American
Association of University Professors. Web. 15 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.aaup.org/report/academic-boycotts>. This source is a
report created by the American Association of University Professors (AAUP)
of the effects of academic sanctions. Academic sanctions work by
universities withdrawing their funds from organizations affiliated or
working out of South Africa. In 1985, at the seventy-first annual meeting
the AAUP called on universities to oppose apartheid and work with
organizations not affiliated with apartheid. The AAUP approved numerous
resolutions against regimes but South Africa was the only time the AAUP
boycotted as an organization even when the U.S. government prohibited such
exchanges. This source is unbiased and research based and is excellent for
understanding the impacts of academic boycotts and uses South Africa as an
example of their effects.
"Sharpeville Massacre." Encylopedia Britannica. N.p.: Britannica Digital
Learning, n.d. N. pag. Britannica School. Web. 17 Dec. 2014.
<http://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/67166>. Britannica School
does not hold a lot of information on the Sharpevilel Massacre or how it
came to be organized. It gives a simple short synopsis of the event as well
as including the African National Congress's contribution to the event.
This source is helpful as it gives the police viewpoint as well as the
numeric information on the number who were injured and/or killed. This
source appears unbiased as does not express one sides point of view solely.
Simpson, John, ed. "Do white people have a future in South Africa?" BBC News
Magazine. BBC, 19 May 2013. Web. 13 Jan. 2015. <http://www.bbc.com/
news/magazine-22554709>. This source is an article about the current
role white people serve in post-apartheid South Africa. It discusses how
the government is mainly run by whites but about 400,000 whites are now
living in squatter camps and living in poor conditions as black South
Africans did during apartheid. This source also discussed the fact that
many white farmers are being murdered and the police's unwillingness to
stop the current epidemic. It also talks about South Africa becoming a
place where blacks feel comfortable and whites feel like outcasts. This
article may be biased as the author is from South Africa and is also
caucasian but appears unbiased based on the exclusion of the authors views
in the articles. This source provides a video as well as quotes from
several South Africans and shows the current situation in South Africa for
whites.
"South Africa: Dutch colonialism, the destruction of the Khoekhoe and the rise
of Chiefdoms (1652-1795)." Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in
Africa. EISA, Feb. 2011. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/
south-africa-dutch-colonialism-destruction-khoekhoe-and-rise-chiefdoms-1652-1795>.
This source is supports the African democracy and provides general
information on the colonization of South Africa by the Dutch and British.
It discusses the building of the Cape Colony of the Dutch and the actions
of the Dutch East India Company. It also talks about the abolishment of
slavery and white expansion in South Africa. This source appears unbiased
and very informative and provides an abundance of numerical facts.
"South Africa Profile." BBC News Africa. BBC, 2 Jan. 2015. Web. 8 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14094918>. This webpage on BBC
provides an extensive timeline of major events in South African history
spanning from the 4th century up until the present. The majority of events
listed are from the early 1800's where it discusses the South African
colonization by the British and their conflicts with the Zulus. It also
continues up into the 1900's where is covers major and minor events
concerning apartheid, ANC actions, the National Party, the Sharpeville and
Soweto killings as well as international movements against apartheid. This
source is extremely useful as it gives an explicit timeline of events and
actions of all social groups within South Africa.
Staehelin-Witt, E. Economic Sanctions against South Africa and the Importance of
Switzerland. Research rept. no. PNR42+. N.p.: Schweizerischer
Nationalfonds, n.d. Print. This source is a research summary pdf document
made by Schweizerischer Nationalfonds to explain the importance of
Switzerland in the sanctions posed on South Africa. This source provides an
abundance of numerical and factual evidence of the impact of each
sanction as well as a comparison of the sanctions posed by various
countries. It discusses how many of the sanctions posed on South Africa
contained many loopholes such as the OPEC's oil embargo so as nations would
not be bound by the sanctions. It also discussed the specific goods that
were sanctioned such as Krugerrand by the EC, Japan, and the U.S. as good
such as steel and iron. This report is useful as it shows the overall
impact of the sanctions, whom they were made by and on what
goods. Schweizerischer Nationalfonds also provides graphs and
calculated data which is useful for finding factual numeric information.
Tambo, Oliver Reginald. "In the Belly of the Beast." Conference of the
International Committee. Stockholm. 1 Apr. 1980. South African History
Online. South African History Online, n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/
‘-belly-beast’-speech-conference-international-committee-against-apartheid-
racism-and-coloni>. Oliver Tambo gave this speech, "In the Belly of the
Beast" at the Conference of the International Committee against apartheid,
racism and colonialism in South Africa (ICSA). Tambo claims there is a need
to be wary of the dangers of the victory of Zimbabwe's recent independence
and he recalled the frenzied manner in which racial minority regimes and
imperialism reacted to historical events such as that in Mozambique,
Angola, Guinea-Bissua, and Cape Verde over Portuguese colonialism in the
mid 1970's. He discusses how the danger is still very real in South Africa
with the Pretoria regime escalating their violent tactics and trying to
oppress the people even more severely. Tambo conveys the way African
countries have endured such repression is through blood, sweat, and tears
and that will be needed again in order to go against these racial regimes.
He is asking for all nations to come together and join them in their
international campaign against apartheid to end such racial regimes. This
primary source is useful for interpreting Oliver Tambo's speaking skills as
well as quotations. However it is biased as it is coming from a member of
the ANC who is fighting to unseat the National Party in order to end
apartheid and so it is not a reliable source of information.
Interview- - -. "Not Aimed at Whites or Afrikaners." Oliver Tambo Speaks. By Thabo Mbeki
and Nelson Mandela. Comp. Adelaide Tambo. N.p.: Kwela Books, 1987. 54-55.
Print. This is an interview between Oliver Tambo and a New Age reporter on
June 6, 1967 on the target of sanctions as well as their effectiveness in
South Africa. The New Age reporter asks Tambo questions as to whether the
sanctions are targeting whites or afrikaans or any social group and what
purpose of the boycotts. Tambo replies that these sanctions are not
targeted at any specific group and its goal was to bring the masses of
people in South Africa together against this racist regime. Tambo discusses
how there are other methods of protest however this method of conducting
the campaign their organizations to persuade the people not to buy these
valuables and is advantageous educational and political work. This is a
primary source interview and provides insight as to the ANC's agenda with
boycotts against South Africa.
"Tambo Proposes Trade Boycott of S.Africa." The Harvard Chrimson. Harvard
Crimson, n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2015. <http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1960/
11/10/tambo-proposes-trade-boycott-of-s/>. The Harvard Crimson published
this article "Tambo Proposed Trade Boycott of South Africa" on November 10,
1960. It discusses Tambo's plea to the UN to pose sanctions on South Africa
otherwise the conflict will worsen and lead to more bloodshed. Tambo also
states that he himself has had to flee South Africa in order to avoid
arrest by the government. This article also discusses the root of this
conflict of the unfair and unequal racial segregation system impose on the
majority of the South African population. They forced the non-white
population to work at slave-labor rates, destroyed equality of education
and restricted the inundation of liberal English settlers. The South
African governments banning of the ANC was an act of suppressing their
opposition of any power or legitimacy. This source appears unbiased
displaying both sides of the conflict without dramatic interjections. This
is also a primary source as it was written during the time period of
apartheid.
"The United Nations: Partner in the Struggle against Apartheid." United Nations
Nelson Mandela International Day. United Nations, n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.un.org/en/events/mandeladay/apartheid.shtml>. The United
Nations was a major organization that facilitated action against apartheid.
This source is on the United Nations website promoting the abolishment of
apartheid and the new international holiday, Nelson Mandela Day. On this
page, it gives a brief overview of the UN's opposition against apartheid
such as drawing world attention to the inhumanity of the system,
legitimizing popular resistance, promoting anti-apartheid actions by
governmental and non-governmental organizations, instituting an arms
embargo, and supporting an oil embargo and boycotts of apartheid in many
fields. This source is extremely useful as it gives a timeline of all the
UN's actions against apartheid as well as major conferences and events
regarding apartheid. This source appears to be unbiased providing basic
information on the types of sanctions and embargoes and actions taken by
the UN.
"Unit 3. The Rise of Apartheid." South Africa Overcoming Apartheid Building
Democracy. Matrix, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2015.
<http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=65-24E-5&page=3>.
This website was created with the purpose of giving educators access to
interviews, media, and information on the span of apartheid. The webpage
"The Rise of Apartheid" describes the National Party's rise to power, the
economic benefits whites received, as well the the religious and ethical
reasoning given by the government for apartheid. Apartheid was supported by
the Dutch Reformed Church who reinforced the Calvinist thought that Afrikan
was God's "chosen people". The National Party's power grew over time due to
their capital increase from investment in the national bank. White
afrikaners benefitted greatly from apartheid, as they were able to induce
slave-labor rates and receive huge profit and the blacks could not vote
against them. Apartheid inflicted great oppression on the nonwhites of
South Africa, making daily life hard with having such low wages, poor
quality resources, unequal education, and exclusion from major government
decisions. This source is extremely useful for understanding the foundation
of apartheid and its benefits for the white minority and its strain on the
nonwhite majority. This is a secondary source however this website allows
access to interviews with apartheid victims, members of the ANC or
important people in the struggle against apartheid.
2015. <http://www.ancyl.org.za/show.php?id=5516>. "ANC Youth League:
A Youthful 52" is a summary of the history and the foundation of the
African National Congress Youth League in the 1940's. It was founded by
young members of the ANC who were concerned with the lack of militancy and
public participation in the protest. The ANC eventually adopted the ANCYL's
Programme of Action which called for incorporating the masses in boycotts,
civil disobedience and peaceful protest and it also lead the way for the
Defiance Campaign. The ANC was also very influential in changing the
leadership within the ANC. This document is useful in provided specific
members of the ANC as well as the reasons it was founded and how the ANCYL
was crucial to the revolutionary movement however it could be biased as it
is published by the ANCYL organization. and does not provide visuals or
quotations.
"Apartheid." Encyclopedia Britannica. N.p.: Britannica Digital Learning, n.d. N.
pag. Britannica School. Web. 17 Dec. 2014. <http://school.eb.com/levels/
high/article/7978>. Britannica School provides a basic overview on the
history of the apartheid and its social policies of racial segregation
between Africans, coloureds and whites. This source is useful for getting
the general history of the apartheid and the specific policies and laws as
well as other countries views on their policies. This source is unbiased
and is helpful for its specific dates and descriptions on the social
policies of the apartheid.
Challenging South Africa's Past. BBC News in Pictures. BBC, 4 July 2011. Web. 12
Jan. 2015. <http://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-13991849>. This is a
secondary source that provides a different viewpoint of South African
history through photography. This video clip shows photographs taken to
show the hope for both whites and blacks to work together in South Africa.
It also discusses how at the time, photographs of violence and suffering
were what was shown to the world to get support, however this photographer
attempted to show the softer side of South Africa as well as the problems
it faces as of late. This source is biased as it shows the point of view of
one particular artist but is useful as it gives a different advantage point
on South African history.
"Cultural Boycott." BDS Movement. Palestinian BDS National Committee, n.d. Web.
15 Jan. 2015. <http://www.bdsmovement.net/activecamps/
cultural-boycott>. This is an article published on BDS discusses the
Palestinians calling on all intellectuals and academics to impose economic
and cultural boycotts against Israeli institutions in an effort to end the
Israeli occupation, colonization and system of apartheid. The majority of
the article discusses how artistic individuals such as international
artists and filmmakers are more then willing to join the cultural boycott
against Israeli. It also discusses the struggle the Palestinians refugees
endure because they are denied their UN-sanctioned rights because they are
non-Jews. The article also discusses the Palestinian's cultural boycott on
all apartheid events and institutions. In this article is a quotation by
Enuga S.Reddy who is director of the United Nations Centre against
Apartheid. He discusses the hypocrisy of the South African government for
stating that the sports and cultural sanctions being imposed on them deny
freedom of expression when they deny this right to their own people.
Freudenheim, Milt, and Katherine Roberts. "Shultz Talks With Tambo of A.N.C."
New York Times. New York Times Company, n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/01/weekinreview/
the-world-shultz-talks-with-tambo-of-anc.html>. This New York Times
article, "Shultz Talks with Tambo of the A.N.C" by Milt Freudenheim and
Katherine Roberts describes Oliver Tambo's meeting with U.S. Secretary of
State George Shultz after President Ronald Reagan deemed the ANC to be a
terrorist group in South Africa. The U.S. was concerned with ANC's
relationship with the Soviet Union whom provided the ANC with arms as well
as their violent tactics. Oliver Tambo is quoted to have said that he
Shultz found agreement in the need to end apartheid but the meeting was
otherwise unhelpful other than showing the U.S.'s willingness to recognize
the ANC as a major player in this conflict. This article is useful in
understanding the U.S.'s perspective on the ANC and it includes quotations
on the meeting from Oliver Tambo and is a primary source as it was written
a week within the meeting.
"Have You Heard From Johannesburg." Clarity Films. Clarity Films, n.d. Web. 30
Dec. 2014. <http://www.clarityfilms.org/haveyouheardfromjohannesburg/
biographies.php?id=61>. This source gives a clear and simple biography
on the life of Oliver Tambo. The website is very organized and has a tab
dedicated explicitly to Oliver Tambo. This site also provides a timeline
for all major African events as well as movies based on specific times from
1920's to the 1990's following the people's movements against the
apartheid. It also dedicates a whole film to Oliver Tambo's involvement in
the ANC and his movement against the apartheid. The source appears unbiased
and generally informative.
Hoozok, Ayesha. Interview by Mathew Miller. Ayesha Hoozook. Film. Ayesha Hoozook
grew up with the brutality and injustice of apartheid as an Indian living
in South Africa. In this filmed interview, she discusses her own childhood
experiences of apartheid and as well as the difficulties of traveling from
place to place due to segregated public transportation. Apartheid greatly
affected schooling as universities were only admitting a limited number of
nonwhites students. To keep the number of nowhite students limited they
failed a majority of the nonwhite students on their end of the final year
test so they could not graduate. Ayesh Hoozook explains she failed her test
many times before she was able to go to university but she kept pushing in
order to receive the education she desired that apartheid kept trying to
take away from her. She also discusses the racial reclassification system,
which put each person in a racial category based off of prejudice racial
tests such as how a person reacts to being pinched, how they speak certain
words, and etc.. This system made people desperate to reclassify themselves
to what was considered a "higher ranking" race to receive better benefits.
This interview is an excellent primary source for understanding what daily
life for a nonwhite was like in South Africa and the struggles of getting
an education and the reclassification system.
Kallen, Stuart A. Open the jail doors-we want to enter: The Defiance Campaign
against Apartheid Laws. N.p.: Twenty-First Century Books, 2011. Print.
Chapter one in Stuart A. Kallen's book "Open the jail doors-we want to
enter: The Defiance Campaign against Apartheid Laws" provides a basic
background history for South Africa. The colony South Africa was originally
founded by the Jan van Riebeeck who was sent by the Dutch United East India
Company (VOC) to establish supply and refreshment stations for Dutch trade
ships traveling to India on the tip of South Africa. South Africa was
already inhabited by the Khoi and the San and the two groups lived
peacefully for awhile. Soon workers of the VOC had poor health and diets
and they established colonies and needed more provisions and labor than the
Reibeeck could supply. They took to importing slaves from East Africa and
eventually the Khoi were overtaken by the Dutch and became enslaved as
well. This seems to be a very reliable source of information showing all
angles and sides of the Dutch colonization of South Africa and provides
pictures and visuals as well as specific dates, leaders, and groups in
conflict.
Mandela, Nelson. "Speech by Nelson Mandela, at the funeral of Oliver Tambo."
ANC. Unwembi, n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2014. <http://www.anc.org.za/
show.php?id=4086>. This is a speech by Nelson Mandela at the funeral of
his colleague, the former ANC president, Oliver Tambo. This is a primary
source and gives Mandela's full speech. This source is unbiased as it does
not give its own written works or opinions and gives Mandela's speech
explicitly. This source is useful for quotes regarding Oliver Tambo's
character, legacy, and his goals for South Africa's freedom.
"Oliver Reginald Tambo." African National Congress. Unwembi, 2011. Web. 17 Dec.
2014. <http://www.anc.org.za/showpeople.php?p=5>. The African
National Congress website provides a detailed overview of Tambo's life
after he joined the ANC. It gives his explicit roles in each stage of the
ANC's actions against the apartheid as well as the other leaders whom were
influential in the ANC along with Tambo. This source useful for
understanding Tambo and the ANC's stance on creating an equal society and
not expelling whites from their ideal society. This site appears unbiased
and the key dates, meetings, and the explicit detailing of Tambo's role in
the ANC are helpful.
"Oliver Reginald Tambo." Gale Biography in Context. Detroit: Gale Cengage
Learning, 2014. N. pag. Biography in Context. Web. 16 Dec. 2014. Biography
in Context has the life of Oliver Tambo in a very easy to understand manner
with very good organization as well as including the many problems Tambo
had to face as President of ANC. This includes the Sharpeville Massacre,
the affects of isolation on an exiled organization as well as Tambo's
international contributions. This site is useful for the general life facts
of Tambo as well as a basic summary of every major event listed and appears
to be unbiased.
"Oliver Tambo." Encyclopedia Britannica. N.p.: Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014. N.
pag. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 16 Dec. 2014. Encyclopedia Britannica
gives a simple comprehensive biography of Oliver Tambo. It gives a clear
synopsis of Tambo's role in the ANC in exile as well as his making a
guerilla warfare camp to be protest against the apartheid. It also
discusses Tambo's international travel and his attracting the most talented
South African exile allowing him to build a legitimate organization with
the voice of the South African people. This source is unbiased and is
helpful in the sense is gives a simple general story of the life of Oliver
Tambo.
"Quotations by Oliver Tambo." South African History Online. South African
History Online, 18 Sept. 2009. Web. 16 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/quotations-oliver-tambo>. South
African History Online, provided a list of quotes from Oliver Tambo's
speech at Georgetown University on January 27, 2014. Tambo was giving a
speech to students expressing the African National Congress's goals of
equality and how others can help them by attacking South African economy to
hurt the apartheid. This could e biased as it does not provide the full
speech on its own but only small quotations. This primary source was
helpful in that it gave first hand quotes from that of Oliver Tambo and the
goals of the ANC.
Scott, Joan Wallach, et al. On Academic Sanctions. N.p.: AAUP, 2006. American
Association of University Professors. Web. 15 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.aaup.org/report/academic-boycotts>. This source is a
report created by the American Association of University Professors (AAUP)
of the effects of academic sanctions. Academic sanctions work by
universities withdrawing their funds from organizations affiliated or
working out of South Africa. In 1985, at the seventy-first annual meeting
the AAUP called on universities to oppose apartheid and work with
organizations not affiliated with apartheid. The AAUP approved numerous
resolutions against regimes but South Africa was the only time the AAUP
boycotted as an organization even when the U.S. government prohibited such
exchanges. This source is unbiased and research based and is excellent for
understanding the impacts of academic boycotts and uses South Africa as an
example of their effects.
"Sharpeville Massacre." Encylopedia Britannica. N.p.: Britannica Digital
Learning, n.d. N. pag. Britannica School. Web. 17 Dec. 2014.
<http://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/67166>. Britannica School
does not hold a lot of information on the Sharpevilel Massacre or how it
came to be organized. It gives a simple short synopsis of the event as well
as including the African National Congress's contribution to the event.
This source is helpful as it gives the police viewpoint as well as the
numeric information on the number who were injured and/or killed. This
source appears unbiased as does not express one sides point of view solely.
Simpson, John, ed. "Do white people have a future in South Africa?" BBC News
Magazine. BBC, 19 May 2013. Web. 13 Jan. 2015. <http://www.bbc.com/
news/magazine-22554709>. This source is an article about the current
role white people serve in post-apartheid South Africa. It discusses how
the government is mainly run by whites but about 400,000 whites are now
living in squatter camps and living in poor conditions as black South
Africans did during apartheid. This source also discussed the fact that
many white farmers are being murdered and the police's unwillingness to
stop the current epidemic. It also talks about South Africa becoming a
place where blacks feel comfortable and whites feel like outcasts. This
article may be biased as the author is from South Africa and is also
caucasian but appears unbiased based on the exclusion of the authors views
in the articles. This source provides a video as well as quotes from
several South Africans and shows the current situation in South Africa for
whites.
"South Africa: Dutch colonialism, the destruction of the Khoekhoe and the rise
of Chiefdoms (1652-1795)." Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in
Africa. EISA, Feb. 2011. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/
south-africa-dutch-colonialism-destruction-khoekhoe-and-rise-chiefdoms-1652-1795>.
This source is supports the African democracy and provides general
information on the colonization of South Africa by the Dutch and British.
It discusses the building of the Cape Colony of the Dutch and the actions
of the Dutch East India Company. It also talks about the abolishment of
slavery and white expansion in South Africa. This source appears unbiased
and very informative and provides an abundance of numerical facts.
"South Africa Profile." BBC News Africa. BBC, 2 Jan. 2015. Web. 8 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14094918>. This webpage on BBC
provides an extensive timeline of major events in South African history
spanning from the 4th century up until the present. The majority of events
listed are from the early 1800's where it discusses the South African
colonization by the British and their conflicts with the Zulus. It also
continues up into the 1900's where is covers major and minor events
concerning apartheid, ANC actions, the National Party, the Sharpeville and
Soweto killings as well as international movements against apartheid. This
source is extremely useful as it gives an explicit timeline of events and
actions of all social groups within South Africa.
Staehelin-Witt, E. Economic Sanctions against South Africa and the Importance of
Switzerland. Research rept. no. PNR42+. N.p.: Schweizerischer
Nationalfonds, n.d. Print. This source is a research summary pdf document
made by Schweizerischer Nationalfonds to explain the importance of
Switzerland in the sanctions posed on South Africa. This source provides an
abundance of numerical and factual evidence of the impact of each
sanction as well as a comparison of the sanctions posed by various
countries. It discusses how many of the sanctions posed on South Africa
contained many loopholes such as the OPEC's oil embargo so as nations would
not be bound by the sanctions. It also discussed the specific goods that
were sanctioned such as Krugerrand by the EC, Japan, and the U.S. as good
such as steel and iron. This report is useful as it shows the overall
impact of the sanctions, whom they were made by and on what
goods. Schweizerischer Nationalfonds also provides graphs and
calculated data which is useful for finding factual numeric information.
Tambo, Oliver Reginald. "In the Belly of the Beast." Conference of the
International Committee. Stockholm. 1 Apr. 1980. South African History
Online. South African History Online, n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/
‘-belly-beast’-speech-conference-international-committee-against-apartheid-
racism-and-coloni>. Oliver Tambo gave this speech, "In the Belly of the
Beast" at the Conference of the International Committee against apartheid,
racism and colonialism in South Africa (ICSA). Tambo claims there is a need
to be wary of the dangers of the victory of Zimbabwe's recent independence
and he recalled the frenzied manner in which racial minority regimes and
imperialism reacted to historical events such as that in Mozambique,
Angola, Guinea-Bissua, and Cape Verde over Portuguese colonialism in the
mid 1970's. He discusses how the danger is still very real in South Africa
with the Pretoria regime escalating their violent tactics and trying to
oppress the people even more severely. Tambo conveys the way African
countries have endured such repression is through blood, sweat, and tears
and that will be needed again in order to go against these racial regimes.
He is asking for all nations to come together and join them in their
international campaign against apartheid to end such racial regimes. This
primary source is useful for interpreting Oliver Tambo's speaking skills as
well as quotations. However it is biased as it is coming from a member of
the ANC who is fighting to unseat the National Party in order to end
apartheid and so it is not a reliable source of information.
Interview- - -. "Not Aimed at Whites or Afrikaners." Oliver Tambo Speaks. By Thabo Mbeki
and Nelson Mandela. Comp. Adelaide Tambo. N.p.: Kwela Books, 1987. 54-55.
Print. This is an interview between Oliver Tambo and a New Age reporter on
June 6, 1967 on the target of sanctions as well as their effectiveness in
South Africa. The New Age reporter asks Tambo questions as to whether the
sanctions are targeting whites or afrikaans or any social group and what
purpose of the boycotts. Tambo replies that these sanctions are not
targeted at any specific group and its goal was to bring the masses of
people in South Africa together against this racist regime. Tambo discusses
how there are other methods of protest however this method of conducting
the campaign their organizations to persuade the people not to buy these
valuables and is advantageous educational and political work. This is a
primary source interview and provides insight as to the ANC's agenda with
boycotts against South Africa.
"Tambo Proposes Trade Boycott of S.Africa." The Harvard Chrimson. Harvard
Crimson, n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2015. <http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1960/
11/10/tambo-proposes-trade-boycott-of-s/>. The Harvard Crimson published
this article "Tambo Proposed Trade Boycott of South Africa" on November 10,
1960. It discusses Tambo's plea to the UN to pose sanctions on South Africa
otherwise the conflict will worsen and lead to more bloodshed. Tambo also
states that he himself has had to flee South Africa in order to avoid
arrest by the government. This article also discusses the root of this
conflict of the unfair and unequal racial segregation system impose on the
majority of the South African population. They forced the non-white
population to work at slave-labor rates, destroyed equality of education
and restricted the inundation of liberal English settlers. The South
African governments banning of the ANC was an act of suppressing their
opposition of any power or legitimacy. This source appears unbiased
displaying both sides of the conflict without dramatic interjections. This
is also a primary source as it was written during the time period of
apartheid.
"The United Nations: Partner in the Struggle against Apartheid." United Nations
Nelson Mandela International Day. United Nations, n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.un.org/en/events/mandeladay/apartheid.shtml>. The United
Nations was a major organization that facilitated action against apartheid.
This source is on the United Nations website promoting the abolishment of
apartheid and the new international holiday, Nelson Mandela Day. On this
page, it gives a brief overview of the UN's opposition against apartheid
such as drawing world attention to the inhumanity of the system,
legitimizing popular resistance, promoting anti-apartheid actions by
governmental and non-governmental organizations, instituting an arms
embargo, and supporting an oil embargo and boycotts of apartheid in many
fields. This source is extremely useful as it gives a timeline of all the
UN's actions against apartheid as well as major conferences and events
regarding apartheid. This source appears to be unbiased providing basic
information on the types of sanctions and embargoes and actions taken by
the UN.
"Unit 3. The Rise of Apartheid." South Africa Overcoming Apartheid Building
Democracy. Matrix, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2015.
<http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=65-24E-5&page=3>.
This website was created with the purpose of giving educators access to
interviews, media, and information on the span of apartheid. The webpage
"The Rise of Apartheid" describes the National Party's rise to power, the
economic benefits whites received, as well the the religious and ethical
reasoning given by the government for apartheid. Apartheid was supported by
the Dutch Reformed Church who reinforced the Calvinist thought that Afrikan
was God's "chosen people". The National Party's power grew over time due to
their capital increase from investment in the national bank. White
afrikaners benefitted greatly from apartheid, as they were able to induce
slave-labor rates and receive huge profit and the blacks could not vote
against them. Apartheid inflicted great oppression on the nonwhites of
South Africa, making daily life hard with having such low wages, poor
quality resources, unequal education, and exclusion from major government
decisions. This source is extremely useful for understanding the foundation
of apartheid and its benefits for the white minority and its strain on the
nonwhite majority. This is a secondary source however this website allows
access to interviews with apartheid victims, members of the ANC or
important people in the struggle against apartheid.